Narrow down the focus of your search

• What kinds of information are you looking for?
  • theses and dissertations?
  • conference posters, papers, or proceedings?
  • government reports?
  • clinical trials?
• Who would publish this type of information?
  • government?
  • advocacy groups?
  • academia?
  • industry?
• Do you have limits to time period or geographic area that you are looking for?

Select keyword search terms for your topic

1. Choose words that represent the key concepts of your research topic or question
2. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to find synonyms
3. Create a search string using Boolean Operators:

• Group synonyms with brackets using OR to connect them
• Use AND operator to search multiple ideas and/or phrases
• Use the truncation symbol * (asterisk) to replace word endings or variant spellings, ie: enviro*
• Use quotation marks to ensure that words are searched together as a phrase

For example: (your topic) AND (meeting* OR abstract* OR poster* OR conference* OR proceeding* OR congress* OR symposi* OR workshop* OR seminar*)

    4.  Locate key authors  - where and how?

• Google: look through first 5-10 pages for relevant authorities, organizations or stakeholders. Look at who publishes and/or stores relevant documents. YES you can try contacting these experts.
• Academic networking
• Listservs
• Blogs (blog searching engine)
• Podcasts

Use Cited Reference Searching
Scanning reference lists ‘snowballing,’ bibliographies and academic CVs.

Manage the Grey Literature Search

• Identify and record the sources you will search. The sources you search will be informed by your research question and where you expect to find information related to your question.
• Document where you are searching and your search strategies, including document resource name, URL, search terms, and date searched.
• Collect citation information as you go.
• Adhere to your established inclusion and exclusion criteria when selecting sources.

• Google Scholar 
  • use "advanced search" options to narrow down your search

  •  limit to title
    “Our findings show that GS results contain moderate amounts of grey literature,with the majority found on average at page 80...We recommend that searches of article titles focus on the first 200 to 300 results.”

    Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S. The Role of Google Scholar in Evidence Reviews and Its Applicability to Grey Literature Searching. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 17;10(9):e0138237. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138237

• Google News
• Google Alerts (set up alerts that cover your topic or follow specific institutions)
• Google Advanced
  • restricting content to file type 
    • type in your topic and then "filetype:pdf" or "filetype:doc"
  • restricting content to site .org or .gov sites
    • type in your topic and then either "site:.org" OR "site:.gov" 
  • restricting content to searching titles only
    • type search "intitle: "climate change""
  • to exclude words from your search
    • to do this search use operator "-" (minus) eg. jaguar speed -car
  • use Google Australia, Google UK, Google.de etc.
  • truncation/wildcard searching is not supported
  • Google & Google Scholar show only the first 1000 results
  • nesting terms in parentheses- eg. (science OR technology) AND (Ontario OR Alberta) - does not work as it does in other databases
• Use Social media (often organizations and individuals make information about their publications available)
• Use other search engines to get broader results. For example, Duck Duck Go does not collect user information and therefore results are not filtered based on your personal profile.
  • Bing
  • DuckDuckGo
  • Internet Archives (researching old websites, but it’s so much more)
  • Search Encrypt (uses local encryption to ensure your searches remain private)
  • CCSearch (copyright-free content)
  • Gibiru